Your numbers
Your take-home
Company side
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Personal side
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Comparison
How the maths works
A UK limited company stacks two tax systems on top of each other: the company pays corporation tax on its profits, and you pay personal income tax on whatever you draw from it.
Step 1 — company profit
Revenue minus expenses minus director salary minus employer NI on that salary = profit subject to corporation tax.
Step 2 — corporation tax (2025/26)
- Small profits rate: 19% on first £50,000
- Main rate: 25% on profit over £250,000
- Marginal relief band: 26.5% effective on the £50k–£250k slice
Step 3 — director salary sweet spot
Typical sweet spot for single-director companies is £12,570 (the Personal Allowance). The salary costs £1,135.50 in employer NI but saves more in corporation tax. Single-director companies can't claim Employment Allowance.
Step 4 — dividends (2025/26)
- First £500 tax-free (dividend allowance)
- Basic-rate dividend tax: 8.75%
- Higher-rate dividend tax: 33.75%
- Additional-rate dividend tax: 39.35% (over £125,140)
Worked examples
Inputs: £80k revenue, £5k expenses, £12,570 salary, take all dividends.
Result: Employer NI £1,136. Corp tax £12,493. Dividends £48,801. Personal tax £6,877. Take-home ~£54,495.
Sole-trader on the same £75k profit takes home ~£54,811 — slightly more, because at this income there's no corporation-tax saving worth the personal-tax complication. The Ltd advantage shows up at higher incomes or when you retain profit.
Inputs: £150k revenue, £8k expenses, £12,570 salary, dividends capped at basic-rate band.
Result: Profit after salary/NI ~£128k. Corp tax ~£26.7k. Dividends ~£37,700 (capped at basic rate). Personal tax low because dividends stay at 8.75%. Take-home today modest; ~£64,000 retained in the company for next year or pension.
Why this strategy: paying yourself only the basic-rate dividend keeps your personal tax bill tiny. The retained profit becomes a tax-deferred buffer for slower years or boosts pension contributions.
Inputs: £40k revenue, £2k expenses, £12,570 salary, all dividends.
Result: Corp tax £4,616. Dividends £19,679. Personal tax £1,678. Take-home ~£30,570.
Sole-trader on the same £38k profit takes home ~£30,150 — Ltd narrowly ahead, but once you subtract the ~£1,000 annual accountant fee a Ltd structure typically needs, sole-trader wins. The crossover for most freelancers is around £45k profit.
Usually around £45,000–£50,000 of annual profit, once you factor in the £800–£1,500/year accountant cost a Ltd typically requires. Below that, sole-trader wins; above it, the Ltd structure starts to pay for itself.
It's the Personal Allowance — no income tax for you, no employee NI (because Primary Threshold = £12,570 in 2025/26). The company pays £1,135.50 of employer NI on the bit above the £5,000 Secondary Threshold, but the salary is corporation-tax-deductible, so net cost is small.
Yes — and it's one of the most tax-efficient things a Ltd can do. Employer contributions are corp-tax-deductible and don't count toward your personal income for tax purposes. Annual allowance is £60,000 in 2025/26 (with carry-forward), but check tapered allowance if your adjusted income exceeds £260,000.
This calculator assumes you're outside IR35. If your engagements fall inside IR35 and your client treats you as a deemed employee, your company receives the net payment and the tax efficiency largely disappears. Use our IR35 quick-check if unsure.
No. Leaving profit in the company defers personal tax to a future year and gives you a cash buffer. The trade-off is the cash sits in the company, not in your bank account. Many directors take dividends up to the basic-rate threshold and leave the rest.
Personal-allowance taper above £100,000, R&D tax credits, capital allowances on assets, Annual Investment Allowance, Scottish income tax bands, VAT and Flat Rate Scheme, and complex pension scenarios. For any of these, talk to an accountant.
HMRC rule introduced in 2016: companies where the only employee is also the only director can't claim it. If you employ at least one other person (even part-time), you qualify.
Deciding sole trader vs Ltd? Compare both side-by-side in our sole trader vs limited company calculator, or read the definitive sole trader vs Ltd guide and the should I start a limited company? decision guide.
If you've decided on Ltd: the contractor accountant guide covers what specialist firms offer, what they cost, and how to choose — see also the Ltd accounting checklist for the operational tasks an accountant handles.
Estimates for 2025/26 only. Not personal tax advice. Get a qualified accountant before making structural decisions.